The aim of this contributed volume is to discuss the effectiveness of EU legal tools, as well as equality and social policies, in addressing discrimination and social exclusion at both EU and national levels. Through robust theoretical analyses and case studies, it explores their interplay with identities, stereotypes, diversity, and inclusion of vulnerable groups, offering a comprehensive interdisciplinary review of the way legal principles and policies translate into societal progress and inclusion. The book consists of four parts. The first part emphasizes the role of identity politics and persisting stereotypes in social exclusion. The dilemma “enemy or victim,” media portrayal, intergenerational attitudes and revisionism are some of the topics discussed. The second part is based on a social rights/policy approach. It discusses the significance of the European Social Charter and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, as well as the impact of decision-making methods on the effective governance of the European Pillar of Social Rights. The third part evaluates the EU and national equality law and policies and the degree they confront structural discrimination against vulnerable groups, such as Romani people, persons with disabilities, intersex and non-binary persons. The fourth part presents state and society initiatives against poverty and marginalization, focusing on the 2010–2018 Greek socio-economic crisis and on the digitalization trend, as well as the importance of judicial review to protect individual and social rights in times of austerity.