The indiscriminate and imbalanced application of chemical fertilizers leads to significant environmental and ecological consequences with a damage to topsoil profile. Furthermore, the anticipated population growth necessitates alternative solutions to ensure continuous food supply. Nanotechnology presents a capable approach to enhance crop yields while reducing conventional chemical fertilizer use. The properties of nano-materials (such as size, charge and morphology) and plant physiology are key factors influencing plant growth. Extensive scientific research has demonstrated the potential of nanoparticles to improve plant development by modulating physiological processes and metabolic pathways. These nanoparticles have been shown to regulate photosynthesis, nutrient concentrations, and enzyme activities under normal and stress conditions. Additionally, nano-fertilizers can facilitate the slow and sustained release of nutrients, thereby improving nutrient use efficiency in crop plants. However, the technical advancements in nanotechnology must be accompanied by scientific updates for regulations and legal outlines to facilitate their broader commercialization. While nano-fertilizers offer a promising strategy to improve plant nutrition, growth and development, their application in sustainable agriculture remains a significant challenge. This chapter highlights the comprehensive review of nanofertilizers influence on plant physiological activities (including photosynthesis, plant water relations, nutrients uptake, translocation, enzymatic activity and carbohydrate metabolism), plant defense mechanisms, stress responsive gene expression and protecting integrity of cell membranes / cellular organelles against multiple abiotic stresses (e.g. salt stress, drought stress and heavy metal stress) with aemphasis on current progress in nanofertilizers research and explores their future prospects.