Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative tool across multiple domains, with agriculture and food industries being key beneficiaries. This book chapter presents a comprehensive overview of various nanoparticles, their synthesis, and applications, particularly in agricultural biotechnology. Major nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, quantum dots, nanorods, and nanoencapsulations are discussed along with their unique properties and contributions to enhancing agricultural outputs. The chapter emphasizes green synthesis methods, highlighting the influence of parameters such as temperature, pH, salt concentration, and time on nanoparticle formation, which aligns with sustainable development goals. The need for nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture is underscored by examples like nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, which promote efficient nutrient delivery and pest control while minimizing environmental impact. Toxicological aspects, nanobiosensors, and nanoparticle delivery systems are also explored to address the balance between innovation and safety. The chapter further delves into the role of nanotechnology in the food industry, detailing applications in food processing, packaging, and labeling that improve product quality and shelf life. While the potential of nanoparticles is vast, the chapter also discusses associated risks, challenges, and regulatory concerns that may affect their adoption. The merits and limitations of this technology are critically evaluated, considering its role in advancing sustainable agriculture. Future perspectives provide insights into emerging trends and the need for further research to harness nanotechnology’s full potential responsibly. The chapter concludes with a synthesis of findings, offering a roadmap for integrating nanotechnology into agricultural and food systems sustainably.