Revisiting the metaphor of a medical bag, this book highlights the importance of specialized conceptual tools for addressing health, well-being, and quality of life. Its main theses are (1) Concepts and Models Are Different: concepts define while models explain and may accommodate all the complexities of health phenomena. (2) Health Concepts Can Be Evaluated and Refined: conceptual choice involves analyzing needs, assessing alternatives, and prioritizing goals to ensure context-specific application. (3) Health as Absence of Disease Is a Valuable Tool: it provides a clear foundation for addressing care and inequality while avoiding overreach into non-medical domains. (4) Richer Concepts Pose Epistemic or Ethical Challenges: broader definitions of health risk ambiguity and overburdening systems. Philosophy is essential for refining these tools.