The adverse effects of COVID-19 infections during pregnancy have been extensively documented; however, the persistent sequelae of this infection remain unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the mental health status of women who recovered from COVID-19 infection during pregnancy using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire. A cross-sectional observational study enrolled 104 women, including 56 participants who recovered from COVID-19 infection during pregnancy (COVID-19 pregnant women-CPW) and 48 controls who were never infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy (non-COVID-19 pregnant women, NCPW) from November 15th, 2022, to February 15th, 2023, at the Respiratory Department in Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City. Data were collected through a questionnaire that gathered general participant information and included a DASS-21 questionnaire. Results showed that 77% of the CPW reported at least one long-term symptom, with fatigue (62.50%), sore throat (60.71%), and cough (57.14%) being the most common. CPW exhibited significantly higher stress, anxiety, and depression scores compared to NCPW (p < 0.0108, p < 0.0006 and p < 0.0007, respectively). Depression correlated significantly with residence (p < 0.0394). Spearman correlation analysis indicated positive associations between depression, anxiety, and stress core in CPW. These findings suggested that COVID-19 infection during pregnancy exerts a notable impact on mental health outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and stress. Further investigations should be performed to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying these findings to develop interventions supporting maternal and infant mental health.