Forest vegetation is a significant repository of terrestrial carbon, accounting for an estimated 80% of the world's terrestrial above-ground biomass (AGB). This biomass is essential for maintaining ecosystem resilience against climate change and supports sustainable forest management practices. Understanding AGB dynamics is vital for evaluating forests’ ecological and climatic significance, particularly in regions like India, where AGB and carbon stock (CS) are heavily influenced by regional temperature and precipitation patterns. Mapping and monitoring AGB and CS in Indian forests are essential for understanding the dynamics of forest productivity, carbon sequestration, and successional stages and their role in climate change mitigation. Remote sensing approaches, field estimates, calibration, and validation are critical aspects of AGB assessments across large areas. However, several challenges hinder effective AGB estimation, particularly in tropical, subtropical, and semi-arid forests. Therefore, understanding the distribution and dynamics of AGB is crucial for monitoring, conserving biodiversity, and sustainable development as well as identifying areas of high forest productivity to prioritize conservation efforts for Indian forests.