This chapter examines the use of historical arguments in contemporary territorial disputes in the Balkans, using Albanian historiography as a case study. This is by no means an isolated case: academic historiography in Albania developed only after the Second World War, and during the “historiographical wars” it simply sought to respond to and counter claims already made by historians in neighboring countries. Some of the latter insisted that the large Albanian presence in disputed areas such as Kosovo or Epirus was a relatively recent phenomenon, and that Albanians had settled in these regions mostly during the Ottoman period. Albanian nationalists claimed exactly the opposite, namely that Albanians were autochthonous in these areas, and later Albanian historiography did its best to support these claims with scholarly evidence. A key element of their argumentation was the instrumentalization of the Illyrian hypothesis of the origin of the Albanians. It was also claimed that the ancient tribes living in Kosovo and Epirus were also Illyrian. Furthermore, Albanian historiography tried to prove that the Illyrian-Albanian population had remained almost intact since antiquity in all the lands currently inhabited by Albanians. Finally, Albanian historians insisted that the Ottomans found Albanian populations in all disputed territories; that is, they did not settle thanks to Ottoman rule.