Insect farming, or entomoculture, offers a sustainable solution to global food security and environmental challenges by efficiently converting feed into high-quality protein with minimal resource use. This chapter explores the evolution of insect farming, examining both traditional harvesting practices rooted in indigenous knowledge and modern farming techniques that integrate automation, vertical farming, and controlled environments to enhance scalability, efficiency, and productivity. Insect farming is positioned within the circular economy as a means of waste valorization, where organic waste is converted into high-quality protein for food, feed, and industrial applications. The environmental benefits of insect farming are substantial, including significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, land and water usage, and biodiversity conservation. Furthermore, the socioeconomic potential of insect farming is assessed, highlighting its capacity to generate income, create employment opportunities, and enhance food security, particularly in resource-limited regions. Key challenges such as regulatory frameworks, consumer acceptance, ethical considerations, and technical barriers, including diapause management in rearing systems, are critically examined. While insect farming offers transformative potential in sustainable food production, its widespread adoption requires targeted research, supportive policies, technological advancements, and public awareness initiatives. Insect farming is presented as a transformative approach within global food systems, offering pathways to sustainability, climate resilience, and efficient resource management.