This chapter explores the operational concepts of energy systems in SSA. An account of available energy resources is examined on the basis of production capacity. The state of energy infrastructure and other challenges are also discussed in this section. The continued reliance on traditional and rudimentary means of accessing energy, particularly in rural areas, is debated as serious matter of concern in terms of environmental degradation and potential health risks to the inhabitants. Furthermore, the need for energy resource management coupled to the integration of technologies and optimization of energy infrastructure is highlighted to be central to the promotion of efficient energy systems across the various regions of SSA. Before concluding this chapter, the question of grid extension versus distributed energy systems, and that of regional interconnection are extensively discussed in the context of energy investment attraction and cost in SSA.