The influence of global environmental shifts, notably climate change and human encroachment, has significantly altered forest vitality, leading to detrimental effects on humans and the environment. Fire represents a unique case underlying the intersection of natural phenomena and human activities, with its potential to become a catastrophe and a growing global concern. Forest fires are prevalent across diverse ecosystems, with some highly sensitive to fire. These fires can be characterized by three main factors: severity, time of occurrence, and frequency. Forest fires can impact aboveground and understory ecosystems, rates of nitrogen fixation, and diversity of plant species, resulting in the rapid loss of organic matter through combustion and altering soil structure and nutrient dynamics. Underground flora and fauna have developed diverse adaptive mechanisms to withstand the impact of forest fires, like dormancy or evolving fire-resistant structures such as tubers. Immediate survival mechanisms may include retreating deeper into the soil or entering a state of dormancy, whereas long-term responses often reshape the composition and structure of underground communities. Various techniques for assessment of post-fire soil health and underground ecosystems include field sampling methods, laboratory analyses, and remote sensing methods like NDVI. Post-fire restoration practices like soil stabilization measures, replanting native vegetation, and water management strategies effectively restore ecosystem health and promote resilience following wildfires. The policies and strategies that include conducting comprehensive fire risk assessments to pinpoint wildfire-prone areas and prioritize management interventions are discussed in this chapter. The chapter also focuses on the gaps and emerging technologies that promise to advance our understanding of underground ecosystems in the context of forest fires.