Chapter Nine tackles one of the most contentious issues surrounding patriotism: whether it fosters exclusionary attitudes or hostility toward outgroups. Contrary to popular worries, the data show that patriotism, measured by love of country, is not strongly correlated with authoritarianism, racism, or xenophobia once other psychological traits are accounted for. While bigotry certainly exists in American society, it appears to stem more from factors such as authoritarian worldviews and social dominance orientation, rather than patriotic attachment per se.