The persistent nature (toxic and non-biodegradable) of dyes has created a pressing need to develop novel efficient and sustainable technologies, that can remove dyes from industrial effluents. Photocatalysis is one of those processes that excel due to its excellent features in degrading organic pollutants under light irradiation. Due to its strong oxidative power, chemical stability, and low cost, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is well-known as a high-performance photocatalyst. However, its wide bandgap and UV-light absorption hampers its effectiveness in practical applications under visible light, so efforts have been made to dope it with other elements to improve its photocatalytic activity. This review emphasizes the use of doped TiO2 in degrading dyes from industrial effluents and its effect with noble metals (Au, Ag), transition metals (Zn, Co, Fe, Cu), and non-metals (C, N, S) as dopants. More specifically, noble metal doping functions as electron traps to improve charge separation, and transition metal doping adjusts both bandgap tuning and light absorption. Non-metal dopants can increase visible light absorption and improve photocatalytic efficiency. The review paper covers the surface, optical, and photocatalytic properties of doped TiO2 with a good degree of detail and focuses on its application for the removal of dyes from industrial effluents. It further discusses the pathways through which these dopants affect the surface, optical, and electronic properties of TiO2 and their synergistic effects on dye removal under various photocatalytic conditions. The environmental and economic viability of doped TiO2 photocatalytic applications in large-scale wastewater treatment is also explored, emphasizing its role in green chemistry approaches to industrial wastewater treatment.