This chapter explores the complex relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and human cognition. It opens with a reflection on B.F. Skinner’s challenge—questioning whether we are truly engaging in deep, critical thinking or merely relying on our technological creations. Drawing on Isaac Asimov’s influential “Three Laws of Robotics,” the discussion contrasts early ethical visions with today’s challenges, including issues of bias, fairness, and the societal impact of AI. This chapter examines AI approaches inspired by human cognition, such as connectionist models, symbolic AI, and cognitive architectures such as ACT-R and SOAR, along with Bayesian models that illustrate how the brain integrates prior knowledge with sensory data. It also highlights AI’s pivotal role in cognitive research, personalized interventions, and augmented cognition. Additionally, the text addresses human–AI interactions and ethical considerations, discussing privacy, data security, and the need for responsible regulation. Real-world examples, such as surveillance systems in China and facial recognition challenges in the United States, underscore the pressing need for ethical oversight. Ultimately, this chapter challenges us to balance technological progress with the preservation and enhancement of critical human thought.