Environmental pollution, which adversely affects our planet, has been rapidly increasing along with growing urbanization and industrialization. There has been a marked increase in heavy metal emissions, an unforeseen consequence of industrialization. These heavy metals are persistent and toxic, with widespread incorporation in the environment, adds to their entitlement of being labeled as major environmental hazards. Heavy metals detection is the most important step in limiting and removing these pollutants from our environment. One effective analytical method that has been shown to be effective for detecting heavy metals in various ecosystems is X-ray spectroscopy. Different kinds of X-ray spectra are used in various applications to identify and eliminate the toxic heavy metals. Additional benefits of integration with other methods include high sensitivity, non-destructive assessment, and the capacity to identify pollutants at the trace level. This chapter provides an overview of the working of several X-ray spectroscopic techniques and their development in different environmental situations, which include agriculture soil to industrial pollution. It illustrates how significant it is to include these methods into legal framework in order to enhance public health and prevent long-term ecological harm.