Silent Toxins: The Global Pathways and Consequences of Heavy Metals in Coastal Beach Ecosystems
摘要
Heavy metals are ubiquitous pollutants in coastal beach ecosystems that pose detrimental risks to biodiversity as well as to living beings. This chapter provides an extensive review of the global distribution of heavy metals in beach ecosystems, emphasizing their biogeochemical cycling and subsequent ecotoxicological impacts. The chapter examines the sources, pathways, sinks, and dispersal mechanisms of these metals, and their transformation processes within beach ecosystems were also investigated. Key processes such as sediment-water interactions, adsorption-desorption dynamics, wave action-driven sediment resuspension, the influence of seasonal changes on metal fluxes, redox transformations, microbial-mediated reactions, and the role of beach vegetation in metal uptake and sequestration are also explored to understand their influence on metal mobility and bioavailability. The chapter further highlights the ecotoxicological impacts including bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and sublethal effects on marine organisms as well as the assessment of risks posed by the metals for local marine fauna and beach-dwelling organisms and the resultant effects on higher trophic levels and overall ecosystem health. Additionally, the chapter reviews current methodologies for monitoring metal contamination in beach environments and evaluates the effectiveness of various remediation strategies. By synthesizing scientific data and case studies, this chapter identifies critical research gaps and provides insights into improving risk management and mitigation efforts in beach ecosystems.