Pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are causing the planet’s average temperature to rise steadily every year. This global warming poses an urgent threat that the United Nations decided, in 2015, to include this issue in its global action plan of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Specifically, Goal 13 of this agenda calls for immediate action to combat climate changeClimate change and mitigate its impacts. In response, countries are transitioning toward sustainable energy by investing in wind and solar power, which can also be used to produce green hydrogen. Then, the use of this energy requires the storage technologies and batteries are the solution for both storing energy and powering modes of transport. An ideal battery is high in energy and power density, environmentally friendly, affordable, and safe. Among current technologies, lithium-ion batteriesLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) best meet these criteria. This chapter will focus on the role of LIBs in enabling the energy transitionEnergy transition by examining their history, technological improvements, and future prospects. The future of LIBs depends on their inclusion in a circular economy through recycling. This chapter illustrates the major role of the LIBs in promoting energy transition in order to achieve the sustainabilitySustainability and mitigate the climate changeClimate change. It presents the history of the LIBs and the current progress in cathode and anode and then their applications. In addition, the chapter analyzes the role of recycling the LIBs in order to protect the environment and conserve the biodiversity. At the end, the chapter presents the contributions of scientific research work on the energy storage by LIBs and their applications in electric vehicles and smart grid.