Contrary to the thought that early motivation is based on an increasing drive to grow and move forward, this chapter integrates findings showing that accumulation of more organized, intentional, and stimulus-related fetal behaviors occurs from mid-gestation onwards based on multileveled inhibitory factors. As such, the very early clocks of motivation are driven and timed by accurate elicitation of complex inhibitory factors. These include transcriptional and molecular factors and their behavioral outcomes. Secreted antagonists of bone morphometric proteins were found to bind to it in the extracellular space and inhibit activation of its receptor resulting in the first formation of the neural tissue at 18 weeks of gestation. COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes protect against apoptosis, and Mg2+ blockade becomes a balancing factor of neural firing rate reducing the earlier embryonic overshooting. The GABA switch from excitatory to inhibitory affords later waves of migration. Later, radial glia is eliminated to afford the complete formation of thalamic fibers and their invasion of the cortical plate, including their profound impact on deep associative neurons at this time of invasion. Later in gestation, the EEG alpha wave representing awake and partial awareness states occurs on the expense of delta waves detected during earlier stages of gestation. On the behavioral level, more complex and intentional fetal reactions occur through inhibition of earlier types of behaviors in favor of new phenotypes as shown in novel 3D and 4D ultrasonic techniques. Clock genes govern the rhythms of inhibitory factors though their heterodimerizing effects and modulation of the excitatory Ca2+ entries to the cell. The capacity of clock genes to converge unstable molecules to stable ones reduces the amounts of oxidative stress and elicits antioxidative defenses, thus promoting the rise of excitation-inhibition balance during the transition of mid-gestation. By their noted capacities, clock genes protect the mitochondrial functions to be appropriate for the gestational age metabolic demands; thus, their functioning rhythms protect the advance in structural growth. This in turn supports more efficient fetal recovery from unpleasant intrauterine conditions and inhibition of these conditions’ aligned behaviors. It is concluded that at mid-gestation, when the onset of excitation-inhibition rhythms meets structural accomplishments appropriate for this gestational age, through a complex of inhibitory factors, elicitation of intentional behaviors occurs on the expense of earlier more frequent random and stereotyped behaviors.

The Clocks of Motivation: Rhythms of Molecular Restraints Originate Intentional Behaviors

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发表日期：

2025年

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Sari Goldstein Ferber

摘要

Contrary to the thought that early motivation is based on an increasing drive to grow and move forward, this chapter integrates findings showing that accumulation of more organized, intentional, and stimulus-related fetal behaviors occurs from mid-gestation onwards based on multileveled inhibitory factors. As such, the very early clocks of motivation are driven and timed by accurate elicitation of complex inhibitory factors. These include transcriptional and molecular factors and their behavioral outcomes. Secreted antagonists of bone morphometric proteins were found to bind to it in the extracellular space and inhibit activation of its receptor resulting in the first formation of the neural tissue at 18 weeks of gestation. COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes protect against apoptosis, and Mg2+ blockade becomes a balancing factor of neural firing rate reducing the earlier embryonic overshooting. The GABA switch from excitatory to inhibitory affords later waves of migration. Later, radial glia is eliminated to afford the complete formation of thalamic fibers and their invasion of the cortical plate, including their profound impact on deep associative neurons at this time of invasion. Later in gestation, the EEG alpha wave representing awake and partial awareness states occurs on the expense of delta waves detected during earlier stages of gestation. On the behavioral level, more complex and intentional fetal reactions occur through inhibition of earlier types of behaviors in favor of new phenotypes as shown in novel 3D and 4D ultrasonic techniques. Clock genes govern the rhythms of inhibitory factors though their heterodimerizing effects and modulation of the excitatory Ca2+ entries to the cell. The capacity of clock genes to converge unstable molecules to stable ones reduces the amounts of oxidative stress and elicits antioxidative defenses, thus promoting the rise of excitation-inhibition balance during the transition of mid-gestation. By their noted capacities, clock genes protect the mitochondrial functions to be appropriate for the gestational age metabolic demands; thus, their functioning rhythms protect the advance in structural growth. This in turn supports more efficient fetal recovery from unpleasant intrauterine conditions and inhibition of these conditions’ aligned behaviors. It is concluded that at mid-gestation, when the onset of excitation-inhibition rhythms meets structural accomplishments appropriate for this gestational age, through a complex of inhibitory factors, elicitation of intentional behaviors occurs on the expense of earlier more frequent random and stereotyped behaviors.