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The traditional view of oxidative stress outlines its risks for cell survival and healthy gestation. Recent views suggest the term redox couple to represent the protecting role of free radicals in addition to their potential danger. This chapter shows that clock genes, through their on-off switches of oxygenation during gestation, control the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidative defenses. Mid-gestation is presented as the time of switching from very hypoxic conditions to higher demands of oxygen as well as the onset time of active antioxidative protecting systems. This chapter also presents findings on the regression to an embryonic type of gene expression from mid-gestation onwards as a function of deviation in the timely development of antioxidative defenses typical to fetal growth restriction, fetal growth acceleration, and preeclampsia. Such deviations in the clocks of antioxidative defenses are shown as a failure to adapt changes in mitochondrial required levels of oxygenation to the different times of gestation and the different rhythms of growth aligned to them. The balance between protecting and endangering free radicals requires on-off switches on the vector of time to protect the mitochondria’s changing needs for energy production along gestation. The rhythmicity of clock gene expression and their elicitation and control of molecular processes involving electron transport and transformation of unstable molecules to stable ones secure the healthy progress of gestation through differential levels of oxygenation at each given time. The time window of mid-gestation is shown to be a sensitive timing representing a major shift in mitochondrial requirements carrying risks for DNA insults, white matter injuries, and heart developmental complications in cases deviating from the redox couple. The velocity-timing matrix is suggested to describe the clock genes’ ultradian switches in their oscillations along gestation as well as during the major shift in hypoxic uterine environment at mid-gestation. As such, the velocity-timing matrix represents the match-mismatch between the resulting rhythmicity of free radicals and the rate of organogenesis at any given time along gestation.

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The Clocks of Antioxidative Defenses: On Protecting Tissues to Balance Rates of Growth

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Sari Goldstein Ferber

摘要

The traditional view of oxidative stress outlines its risks for cell survival and healthy gestation. Recent views suggest the term redox couple to represent the protecting role of free radicals in addition to their potential danger. This chapter shows that clock genes, through their on-off switches of oxygenation during gestation, control the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidative defenses. Mid-gestation is presented as the time of switching from very hypoxic conditions to higher demands of oxygen as well as the onset time of active antioxidative protecting systems. This chapter also presents findings on the regression to an embryonic type of gene expression from mid-gestation onwards as a function of deviation in the timely development of antioxidative defenses typical to fetal growth restriction, fetal growth acceleration, and preeclampsia. Such deviations in the clocks of antioxidative defenses are shown as a failure to adapt changes in mitochondrial required levels of oxygenation to the different times of gestation and the different rhythms of growth aligned to them. The balance between protecting and endangering free radicals requires on-off switches on the vector of time to protect the mitochondria’s changing needs for energy production along gestation. The rhythmicity of clock gene expression and their elicitation and control of molecular processes involving electron transport and transformation of unstable molecules to stable ones secure the healthy progress of gestation through differential levels of oxygenation at each given time. The time window of mid-gestation is shown to be a sensitive timing representing a major shift in mitochondrial requirements carrying risks for DNA insults, white matter injuries, and heart developmental complications in cases deviating from the redox couple. The velocity-timing matrix is suggested to describe the clock genes’ ultradian switches in their oscillations along gestation as well as during the major shift in hypoxic uterine environment at mid-gestation. As such, the velocity-timing matrix represents the match-mismatch between the resulting rhythmicity of free radicals and the rate of organogenesis at any given time along gestation.