Three major activities that were incorporated into the species recovery program for the Kihansi Spray Toad were initiated under the Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project between 2002 and 2003. These included (1) convening an external panel to review past research and monitoring and to recommend future research and monitoring; (2) development of monitoring protocols; and (3) assessing the response of the Kihansi Spray Toad and the spray wetland habitat to the installation of the spray irrigation systems in the Upper, Lower, and Mid-Gorge spray wetlands. The population of the Kihansi Spray Toad in the Kihansi Gorge rebounded between October 2000 and June 2003. By early June 2003, the population of the Kihansi Spray Toad in the Kihansi Gorge was 20,990, very likely the size of the population in the Kihansi Gorge prior to the commissioning of the Lower Kihansi hydropower facility.