NORPLAN, the project contractor for the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project, proposed five mitigation options between 1995 and 1999 to conserve the Kihansi Spray Toad and its critical habitat. These included (1) establishment of a minimum bypass flow for the Kihansi River; (2) creation of an artificial spray system to maintain the spray wetland vegetation; (3) intermittent bypass flow releases from the dam to maintain the spray wetland vegetation; (4) establishment of a captive breeding population of the Kihansi Spray Toad; and (5) conduct an expanded search for the Kihansi Spray Toad and spray wetland habitat outside of the Kihansi Gorge and evaluate the feasibility of translocation of the Kihansi Spray Toad to another site in the Udzungwa Mountains.