Water has become a major concern and must be shielded from pollutants. A key element of the sustainable development objectives set by countries is access to clean drinking water. Currently, approximately 0.5–1.0% of all water resources are considered suitable for human use. According to the World Health Organization, almost two billion people live in countries that are under water stress. Physical, chemical, radiological, and biological contaminants can primarily contaminate this material. The presence of parasites, microbes, and their severe metabolites or toxic compounds are among the hazardous chemical and biological growth factors that can be eliminated by a variety of treatments and techniques because they can cause serious illness to humans at any age. From the womb until old age, chemical pollutants, particularly heavy metal buildup, can cause serious health problems, such as teratogens or carcinogens. Unstable atoms that can emit ionizing radiation are created when radiological contaminants such as cesium, plutonium, and uranium have an unbalanced number of protons and neutrons. Similarly, the biological impact also presents a number of dangers immediately after ingesting tainted food or water. Like hereditary disorders, environmental factors can contribute to an increase in birth defects, primarily because of contaminated water. For example, infant formula mixed with well water or homemade baby food made with nitrate-rich water can cause methemoglobinemia in babies. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to highlight this phenomenon.