Over the past thirty years, medical leadership has become an increasingly debated phenomenon. Whilst organisation studies scholars have long been interested in the work of professional groups, including doctors, and there has been some focus on the role of doctors in the administration and management of health services, the specific concept of medical leadership as a discrete entity for sole focus has not been studied in a concerted and sustained manner. The advent of professional medical leadership, primarily through the existence of the British Association of Medical Managers (BAMM, 1990–2011) and the Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management (FMLM, 2011–present), has brought a renewed focus on the role doctors play in the organisation, management and leadership of health services. This chapter outlines critically what medical leadership is, exploring its origins as a recent development of medical professionalism and professionalisation; discusses whether medical leadership could be seen as a positive development for doctors, health services and ultimately patients in UK health care; and considers the ways in which medical leadership has developed and can continue to do so.