This chapter provides a concise overview of the origins and evolution of the term of sustainability, tracing its roots from the eighteenth-century forest management to its contemporary role as a cornerstone of global development policy. It explores the historical, theoretical, and practical dimensions of the concept, focusing on its three main pillars: environment, economy, and society. Particular attention is given to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), their historical development, and their significance as an integrated framework for addressing global challenges. By analyzing the SDGs’ inclusivity, universality, and interconnectedness, the chapter highlights their role in fostering international cooperation, aligning global and local priorities, and addressing persistent inequalities. Finally, the chapter reflects on the challenges and lessons learned from the SDG implementation process, emphasizing the importance of adaptive frameworks and collective action in achieving sustainable development goals.