Plastic waste mismanagement poses severe environmental, economic, and public health challenges worldwide. With global plastic production surging, policies at international, national, and local levels aim to mitigate pollution through regulatory frameworks, circular economy initiatives, and waste governance strategies. India’s response includes the Plastic Waste Management Rules, bans on single-use plastics, and extended producer responsibility (EPR) regulations. However, effective implementation remains hindered by inadequate infrastructure, policy enforcement gaps, and reliance on the informal waste sector (IWS), which handles 50–80% of India’s plastic recycling. Despite its critical role, the IWS faces socio-economic vulnerabilities and limited government recognition. Strengthening policy execution, integrating informal networks, and fostering technological innovation are essential to advancing sustainable plastic waste management. This chapter examines global and Indian PWM policies, informal sector contributions, and governance challenges, emphasizing the need for inclusive and data-driven strategies to achieve Sustainable Development Goals and combat plastic pollution effectively.