The Chaco region is one of the most important and diverse forestry ecoregions in South America, where fire represents an ecological event recurrent, indispensable for the natural dynamic of the open areas such as grasslands and savannas. Native species of forests and savanna trees have different strategies to survive fire by vegetative regeneration. In this chapter, we discuss antecedents related to the different topics of the fire ecology of the Chaco region: climatic and land use factors influencing the fire frequency to regional scale, plant flammability and functional traits related to fire resistance and tolerance of woody plants, and the effects of fire in soil seed banks. Due to the fire being used in this region as a vegetation management tool, some aspects related to prescribed fire plans for grasslands and savanna restoration/rehabilitation are also discussed in this chapter.