Fire has been a natural disturbance for millions of years, influencing and shaping most terrestrial ecosystems on Earth. The dawn of the Anthropocene, an epoch in which humans represent a driving force within the Earth system, raises new questions and challenges for fire science. Humankind has been disrupting natural fire regimes in fire-prone regions and inducing fires in fire-sensitive ecosystems through increased ignition sources, fire suppression, and anthropogenic climate change. In South America, these dynamics are fundamental to understand current fire regimes, as anthropogenic burning now dominates vast regions across the continent. Associated with rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and the increased frequency of extreme events, the heightened risk of wildfires poses significant challenges for various sectors and the overall well-being of the region. Events such as the Pantanal 2020 fires, in Brazil, or the 2024 Chilean fires, should not be evaluated through a single meteorological or anthropogenic perspective, and have been shown to be an interplay of both factors. In this chapter, we will delve on the fire regimes of the Anthropocene, and how humans directly and indirectly influence fire activity in South America.