Fire has played a crucial role as an evolutionary and ecological factor across the globe, and many South American ecosystems have been shaped by fire for thousands of years. However, human activity has significantly altered fire regimes over time. This book explores key ecosystems of South America and their historical and contemporary relationships with fire. It also highlights the traditional use of fire by Indigenous Peoples and their influence on environmental shaping. A growing concern is the impact of climate change on fire dynamics, which is increasingly relevant in today's world. Ultimately, this book aims to deepen our understanding of fire as a powerful ecological force in South America, offering essential insights into fire dynamics that can inform effective conservation strategies.