This chapter provides a foundational overview of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), tracing their evolution from early theoretical concepts to modern applications. It explores key milestones, from the Turing test to early algorithms, setting the stage for the shift toward data-driven methodologies and advancements in computational power that have fueled AI’s rapid growth. Beyond history, the chapter introduces essential AI and ML preliminaries, including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. These core concepts form the groundwork for deeper discussions, ensuring readers develop a strong conceptual understanding of AI’s mechanisms. Additionally, the chapter examines the ethical challenges in AI deployment, addressing concerns like bias, privacy, and accountability. As AI integrates further into society, responsible development becomes crucial. By discussing these ethical dimensions alongside historical and technical insights, this chapter offers a holistic perspective on AI’s evolution and its future impact.