Preliminary experiments were conducted to explore the application effects of vertical microwave ultraviolet (UV) sterilization equipment in the treatment of drinking water. The results indicate that the disinfection efficiency of this vertical sterilization equipment is influenced by the diameter of the tank and the irradiation time. Under the same power, equipment with a smaller tank diameter exhibited better sterilization effects. As the duration of the irradiation of the device increased, the sterilization rate began to rise, but entered a slow growth or stable phase after 60 min. Moreover, this disinfection technology had minimal impact on the water quality indicators of the effluent; the hardness, UV254 absorbance, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen levels did not undergo significant changes after disinfection. Under the experimental conditions, the use of equipment with a power of 1 kW and a diameter of 680 mm individually did not achieve desirable disinfection effects. However, when two devices with a diameter of 450 mm and a power of 1 kW were used in series, the effluent water quality met the “Standards for Drinking Water Quality” (GB5749—2022). The optimal disinfection effect was achieved when a sterilization device with a diameter of 800 mm and a power of 3 kW was used in series with two devices of 450 mm diameter and 1 kW power; the sterilization rate reached approximately 99%, and the removal rate of coliform bacteria was 100%.