Maritime insecurity in Africa extends beyond piracy and violent robbery to include several environmental hazards that jeopardize the well-being and long-term viability of African seas. This chapter explores the ecological aspects of marine security in Africa, explicitly addressing three prominent concerns: illicit fishing, waste disposal, and contamination. Utilizing theories of environmental security and sustainable development, this chapter examines the factors and consequences of environmental crimes. It analyzes the environmental, financial, and societal implications of illicit fishing. Additionally, it examines the issue of dumping and pollution, which contaminates the marine ecosystem, presents health hazards to human populations and harms the reputation of African ports. The chapter subsequently analyzes the present condition of environmental governance in African waterways. The chapter also examines case studies and conducts stakeholder interviews to identify the primary strategies and optimal approaches for combating environmental crimes in African waters. These include enhancing monitoring and surveillance, fostering regional cooperation, and involving local communities in conservation initiatives. Finally, the chapter asserts that it is crucial to tackle the environmental aspects of maritime security to safeguard Africa’s natural resources and foster sustainable economic growth and human security in the region.