Draf III: Overall Concepts and the Mucosal Graft and Laterally Based Flap Techniques
摘要
Surgical management of frontal sinus disease is one of the most challenging areas in sinus surgery because of narrow frontal sinus ostia, anatomical variability, proximity to skull-base and orbital structures, and difficult visualization. A gradual stepwise approach is often suggested for the management of frontal sinus pathology, with endoscopic frontal sinusotomy as the preferred initial surgical intervention in patients that do not respond favorably to medical treatment [1]. Aggressive open approaches like osteoplastic flap with frontal sinus obliteration are reserved for severe cases. However, this procedure is associated with a 20% rate of intraoperative complications including, but not limited to, exposure of orbital fat, unintentional fracture of the anterior table, and dural injury, as well as a 10% risk of long-term complications like mucocele and dissatisfied esthetic appearance [2].