Strategies for adding value to renewable production chains is a fairly frequent and important worldwide research theme. The mitigation of environmental impacts caused by the use of petroleum derivatives needs to be quickly established and to ensure the achievement of these renewable products the use of analytical platforms that can conduct experiments and processes to obtain these target compounds in a green manner is imperative. This chapter highlights the use of analytical tools, especially those related to chromatographic techniques—conventional and modern—that can be used in the characterization of lignocellulosic biomass and products obtained from biorefinery processes. The information presented is given in function of individual separation and detection techniques, but the most appropriate is to consider, when applicable, the use of different detectors in series. In many cases, the information generated is complementary and the correlation of analytical data is very important to conduct a more robust and accurate characterization study.