The hippocampus, which is composed of CA1–3 and dentate gyrus regions, plays an executive role in basic cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and emotional behavior. The functions managed by the hippocampus require functional connectivity, neuronal activity, and neurotransmitter systems. These systems, known as neuronal interactions, provide the basis for information processing and communication through neurotransmitters in synaptic connections. All neurotransmitters, especially glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which represent excitatory and inhibitory systems, respectively, help to form complex information-processing networks in learning, memory, and emotion processing. GABA stabilizes neural activity through its contribution to inhibition, while glutamate contributes to transmission in the stimulus system and the stimulation of learning processes. It functions in the excitatory system through N-methyl-D-aspartate and AMPA receptors and through potentials to which glutamate directly contributes, called long-term potentiation (LTP), which provides synaptic strengthening between neurons. As a result, through all these molecular processes, the hippocampus enables the transfer of physiological information from short-term to long-term memory. In this book chapter, the physiological process of the hippocampus and its contribution to the LTP mechanism are described.