Monitoring provides policymakers with the information about the current status of a policy, program or project relative to expected targets and outcomes, whereas evaluation gives insight in whether targets and outcomes are being achieved or not. However, in the case of adaptation to climate change, targets and outcomes are not fixed, they are moving targets and outcomes are depending on actual change of the climate, the impacts and progress with adaptation of the related systems. The primary purpose of M&E is therefore twofold: to help the government to measure the quantity, quality and targeting of outputs and to quantify how the outputs affect the lives of the people against continuous evaluation of climate change taking place. Intended policy outcomes are not easily attained in the public domain. Outcomes may be unexpected or discarded. Monitoring of implementation processes and critical or reflective evaluation offer insights to make adjustments or take additional measures in time. Monitoring is therefore also concerned with defining goal or target related indicators and getting information on how far and sometimes also in what way goals are realized. This information can be used to evaluate a program or project and reflect on its impact, possibly leading to lessons learned or to modifications for the future. It can help policy makers to choose applicable measures among a set of alternatives or even to check the design of a plan or program. Reflective evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment and critical review of a plan, program or project in relation to its impact, efficacy and goal achievement. As a whole, monitoring and evaluation promote transparency of what is going on in implementation and on accountability in public spending, To achieve this, public institutions need to have the right financial and human resources capacities as well as adequate data collection and processing systems and provisions. In case of a results-based M&E system, results and outcomes in terms of societal impact are emphasized. It can show delay, cost overrun, failure or other problems of implementation but also the efficiency and effectiveness of problem solving by these measures or the requirement of additional or new measures. Result-based monitoring and reflective evaluation are strong instruments for good governance including overall goal achievement of ‘adaptation by development’.