Underground water is a vital element in the progress of any region, serving as a primary source of drinkable, farming, and factory water. Historically, there was a belief that rock deposits and topsoil, functioning as filtration agents, shielded subsurface water from contamination. Groundwater pollution is a widespread issue that profoundly affects the physical health of individuals and the environment. Typically, research on subsurface water contamination encompasses the empirical comprehension of botanical, physical, and chemical methods that govern the course and development of pollutants in the subsurface water. Elevated chemical levels in clean water can present a health risk. Public health research has demonstrated that inadequate potable water quality, acting as the primary transmission pathway, has been accountable for numerous water-related illnesses. Various microbes and artificial chemical agents possess the capacity to cause underground water contamination. Potable water that harbors enzymes and bacteria can result in diseases like jaundice or gastrointestinal infection. Preventive actions are generally more accessible and cost-effective than remedial actions for subsurface water pollution. Selecting suitable treatment methods relies on precise site conditions and frequently considers remedy objectives related to environmental safety and human well-being. Hence, this book chapter focuses on an in-depth analysis of the health and environmental impacts of toxic metals like lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Various techniques to detect groundwater contamination and their remedial methods are also well-documented. It also presents future research directions in the field of groundwater contamination.