This chapter challenges traditional models of speciation and the extrapolationist premise. First, it critically examines geographic models of speciation, particularly challenging the theoretical foundations of allopatric speciation. It is argued, for instance, that the original theoretical framework of allopatric speciation—Mayr’s founder effect model—is obsolete in light of the progress of contemporary science. Furthermore, it demonstrates that evolutionary divergence is not caused by geographic barriers or the interruption of gene flow. Instead, divergence is explained through the combined processes of variation and adaptation to local environments (at the microevolutionary scale). Second, this chapter delves into the question of whether macroevolution is more than the sum of microevolutionary processes. To address this issue, it explores the history of the terms “microevolution,” “macroevolution,” and “megaevolution,” followed by an analysis of their current meanings from various perspectives. Subsequently, three possible approaches to resolve this dilemma are explored: a reductionist approach, an intermediate approach, and an irreducible approach. However, it is argued that the latter alternative is the most plausible in light of contemporary scientific knowledge. Given these challenges, the H-Evo-Devo Theory proposes a new perspective on evolutionary divergence working at multiple evolutionary levels and conceptualizes a qualitative separation between different levels of evolution.