As China actively develops and implements environmental policies to achieve ‘carbon peak’ and ‘carbon neutrality’ to address global climate change, Carbon Dioxide heat pump technology has become crucial because it enhances energy efficiency, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and integrates renewable energy resources. Based on 25 years of literature from the Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, this study uses CiteSpace visualization tools and bibliometric and statistical methods to comprehensively analyze the international research dynamics on carbon dioxide heat pumps. Research abroad focuses on system optimization, design, and the enhancement of transcritical cycle performance, while China concentrates on transcritical cycle performance, compressor design, and regenerator performance. Additionally, international research trends shift from theoretical studies to technological applications, whereas research in China emphasizes the evolution of research paradigms and diversified research subjects. Significant differences exist between domestic and international research regarding key technologies, performance optimization, application areas, and methodologies. Overall, research in China has gradually aligned with international standards, particularly in empirical studies of technological performance in specific environments. Research should enhance international cooperation, explore system performance and cycle mechanisms more deeply, broaden research perspectives, and promote industry, academia, and research integration to better adapt to the deepening dual-carbon goals.