Neurologic music therapy (NMT) uses scientific evidence regarding the neurological, physiological, and psychological aspects of musical behavior to guide research and clinical practice in the treatment of patients with disorders of the human nervous system. The NMT approach offers a taxonomy of standardized techniques that promote reliable, functional outcomes in the domains of sensorimotor functioning, speech and language, as well as cognition, affect, and social learning. This chapter provides a brief historical context for the profession, a description of the Rational-Scientific Mediating Model to direct and utilize research, and an explanation of the Transformational Design Model to guide treatment planning. The chapter also includes an overview of all techniques and their corresponding scientific foundations.