This chapter aims to provide evidence of the neuroscientific research on music. Thanks to new brain investigation techniques developed since the latter half of the twentieth century, this field of studies has rapidly grown with an increase in interest and publications. The vast range of human cognitive functions involved in music perception and production activities makes music an ideal lens for studying brain functioning. In this chapter, we consider the neural underpinnings of various cognitive and behavioral processes that are involved in music experiences: from perception to movement, language, emotions, memory, and social processes. Furthermore, we consider how musical training shapes musicians’ brains through neuroplasticity mechanisms and enables transfer effects on cognitive functioning. We discuss how this scientific evidence forms the foundation for music-applied research in clinical settings, leading to an interdisciplinary research field that considers music as a reliable tool to improve human well-being.