Pyroligneous liquid is a condensate obtained from the gases released during the biomass pyrolysis process, mainly composed of water and a complex mixture of organic compounds, such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and hydrocarbons. Its properties vary depending on the biomass used and the specific conditions of the pyrolysis process, such as the heating rate and final temperature. This material has attracted significant interest from both the scientific community and industry due to its diverse applications, including the development of new pharmaceutical products. The chemical complexity of pyroligneous liquids is responsible for their various bioactive actions, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, studies in this area are still relatively recent. Therefore, in this chapter, we will present a bibliometric analysis, highlighting the main trends, advancements, and the evolution of research on the potential use of pyroligneous liquid in disease treatment. Next, we will explore pyroligneous liquid derived from forest and agricultural biomass as a bioactive product, focusing on its potential for the treatment of infectious and chronic diseases, consolidating the state of the art of its pharmaceutical applications.