This chapter summarizes the history of LGBTQ+ service in the US military, with a focus on specific policies and practices that impact the day-to-day life of military surgeons. We summarize the timeline of LGBTQ+ service, the expansion of military benefits and equal opportunity protections, discuss LGBTQ+ issues within military medical education, and highlight opportunities for Allyship within surgery specific societies. This chapter provides a primer on common terminology used and culturally competent care with a specific focus on cancer screening, sexually transmitted infection screening, and perioperative considerations paramount for the military surgeon to be aware of in the care of their patients. As a leader in both medicine and the military, the military surgeon is critical in creating an inclusive, supportive environment for both LGBTQ+ patients and colleagues in support of a medically ready military force.