This study investigates the thermal management properties of a novel composite textile structure based on aramid fibers enhanced with graphene oxide (GO) and phase change materials (PCMs). Graphene oxide in the composite provides improved thermal conductivity, while the phase change materials combined with GO provide temperature stabilization by storing latent heat. The thermal behavior of the composite was simulated using computational modeling using ANSYS. The simulation results showed that the inclusion of GO increased the thermal conductivity by 25% and contributed to uniform heat distribution. The use of phase change materials provided significant temperature regulation by absorbing and releasing heat during phase transitions. This process, in turn, maintained the internal temperature of the material for extended periods of time. Thus, the improved composite structure significantly improves the performance of thermal protective clothing, especially in environments with extreme temperature fluctuations.