In this chapter, we compiled information on anthropogenic pressures associated with multiple threats to marine habitats on the continental shelf off Brazil, explored assessments of their degree of protection, and analyzed conservation priorities that are opportunities for their improved management in the future. We aimed to provide an initial step in the development of more detailed assessments regarding the conservation status and management of these habitats. Habitat-specific assessment of the scales at which human pressures are acting is missing as to what extent MPA coverage translates into effective protection. In addition, priority areas for further protection are usually identified based on prioritization exercises with limited information on biodiversity, lacking integrated approaches towards spatial planning for natural-resource management. Global change, land-based pollution, and fisheries are the main drivers of human pressure, and shallow-water coral reefs, rhodolith beds, rocky shores, and seagrass meadows are the most potentially impacted habitats. Overall, approximately 1.5% of the continental shelf is covered by MPAs but only about 0.5% of this area is within MPAs that are both fully protected and well managed. Shallow-water coral reefs are regarded as the best-protected habitat, containing around 30% of their distribution under effective protection; conversely, all other marine habitats are underrepresented within effective and fully-protected MPAs because most of the protection relied on partially-protected MPAs lacking implementation. Critical conservation gaps were identified for mesophotic reefs, rhodolith beds, seagrass meadows, and shelf-break habitats. When assessing all planning exercises aiming to establish future conservation priorities, important spatial differences in priorities between plans were detected. Convergence was evident in the Abrolhos Bank, a region of ecological relevance that emerged as the single conservation hotspot requiring increased protection across all plans. Future studies incorporating the human dimension in conservation plans are a critical gap and will provide us with a solid base for implementing effective conservation actions.