Pearl millet is a gluten-free grain that boasts a high fiber content and protein levels comparable to wheat. It is also abundant in antioxidants and vitamin B, contributing to improved digestion, heart health, and additional benefits. The quantity, area, and yield of pearl millet output, as well as its growth, trend, and structural stability, show an economy’s stability and contribution. The purpose of this study is to compare pearl millet output, cultivation area, and yield per hectare in India before and after the new agricultural policy (1978–2000) in terms of growth, trend, and structural stability. (since 2001 to 2022). Secondary data from Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2022 was used to fulfill the objectives. The trend line, t-test, and structural stability regression model were all used in the estimation process. From 1978–79 to 1999–2000, the overall growth rates of area, production, and yield of bajra were −41.17%, 72.7%, and 193.66%, respectively. The area increase is negative, but the output and yield of bajra are positive. The pattern reveals that the area of bajra agriculture is declining, yet production has changed slightly in pooling periods. There has been no structural change in the area under pearl millet cultivation and production as a result of India’s new agricultural policy.