Nasal and Ophthalmic Medications for Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis and Allergic Conjunctivitis
摘要
For most forms of allergic rhinitis (AR), intranasal corticosteroids are generally the first choice for treatment, both for their efficacy and minimal systemic adverse effects. In cases with ocular symptoms, there are other nasal, as well as ophthalmic medications, that can be considered. Intranasal antihistamines are preferentially used for seasonal AR and intermittent AR treatment. Ocular antihistamines can also provide great relief of ocular symptoms with fewer systemic complications compared to their oral counterparts. Nasal saline irrigation presents an accessible option for all patients. Intranasal ipratropium bromide may be helpful in patients with AR if rhinorrhea is the predominant symptom, although it is usually preferred when anon-allergic cause of rhinorrhea is identified. Intranasal cromolyn sodium is recommended just prior to episodic allergen exposure, while ocular cromolyn sodium is recommended for those with allergic eye symptoms, especially conjunctivitis. For those unresponsive to monotherapy, combination therapy of intranasal corticosteroids with intranasal antihistamines is a great choice. While intranasal corticosteroids remain the mainstay of AR treatment, the multitude of different intranasal and ocular agents allows us to tailor treatment to each individual patient.