Brazil’s Judiciary stands as a critical enforcer of environmental law, navigating the subtle interplay between legislation, executive action, and judicial interpretation. Rooted in the constitutional guarantee of universal jurisdiction, the Judiciary adjudicates all disputes, including those involving governmental actions. This robust legal framework empowers courts to address environmental harm, ensuring access to justice for collective and diffuse interests, as codified in pioneering laws such as the Public Civil Suit Act. The Judiciary’s environmental remit extends to structural litigation, where courts impose creative remedies to tackle systemic violations. Landmark cases illustrate courts’ capacity to mandate comprehensive measures for ecological governance, emphasizing structural reform over mere punitive sanctions. Judicial review plays a pivotal role in scrutinizing administrative and legislative actions. Courts have intervened to enforce environmental protections, from mandating Environmental Impact Assessments to compelling government action against Amazon deforestation. Nonetheless, this activism is tempered by judicial deference to legislative processes, as seen in rulings on the Forest Code.