In the 1960s, American engineering contractors made massive contributions to the design and construction of ammonia and nitrogen fertilizer plants. Innovations at M.W. Kellogg led to a shift in the scale of production of individual ammonia units from around 250–300-tpd to 1000-tpd by the mid-1960s. Kellogg’s single-train energy-integrated units, powered byCompressorscentrifugal centrifugal compressors, not only tripled the maximum rated capacity of individual synthesis loops, or trains, but brought about tremendous savings in energy and reduced the cost of fertilizer to the consumer. American and Japanese engineering firms, often in collaboration with European contractors and chemical firms, in particular Britain’s Imperial Chemical IndustriesICI (Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited) (ICI), dominated the synthetic ammonia industry. New markets appeared beyond the Western hemisphere, brought about by the need to confront growing famine and political changes. Synthetic ammonia was essential to the success of the Green RevolutionGreen Revolution, with its need for self-sufficiency, particularly in India. The global map of the ammonia industry was about to be redrawn.