The goal of this book was to investigate the possibilities and limitations of evolutionary mismatch theories in human medicine. My way to proceed was to first introduce the concept of mismatch within the multidimensional context of the research program of evolutionary medicine ( 2 ). The next step was to conceptually analyze and sharpen the concepts of mismatch and evolution in isolation from each other to assess how the general concept of mismatch differs from the more specific technical term ( 3 ). The following chapter then focused on the theory rather than the concept of mismatch and showed how evolutionary mismatch thinking is applied in the ecological realm of species conservation efforts ( 4 ). After that I discussed the conceptual problems associated with the shift from ecology to human medicine and highlighted the argumentative components that function as premises in evolutionary mismatch explanations for disease vulnerabilities ( 5 ). In the next chapter I joined the discussion of challenges that have been brought forward against the application of evolutionary mismatch theory in human medicine and defended the possibilities of the theory ( 6 ). This discussion of theoretical challenges was followed by an encounter with challenges from practical philosophy in which I mainly highlighted the limits of the theory ( 7 ). In the final chapter, I argued that a lot of additional conceptual and practical potential for medicine rests in the integration of developmental aspects of life history into a unified evolutionary mismatch theory ( 8 ).