The following two chapters engage with the criticism that has been brought forward against the application of evolutionary mismatch theory in human medicine. Whereas the fifth chapter is concerned with objections from the philosophy of science, the sixth chapter discusses issues brought forward by the side of practical philosophy. In these chapters, the possibilities and limitations of the theory will become apparent. Additionally, I argue for the necessity of extending the theory with an account of organism-environment-interaction taking place during ontogeny that will follow in Chap. 8 .