Following our conceptual analysis of evolutionary mismatches, I now move towards the explanatory potential of evolutionary mismatch theory. Chapters 4 and 5 chronicle the problems which arise from the contextual transfer of mismatch theory from evolutionary ecology into a medical context. How well is evolutionary mismatch theory suited to fulfill the task of explaining our vulnerability to non-communicable diseases? Before we get to this question, I discuss evolutionary mismatch explanations in the context of phenology, an ecological subdiscipline, and clarify the important concept of standards of success. The analysis of the contextual transfer will then reveal the challenges that mismatch theory faces to succeed as an explanation in human medicine.